Formulation of Bio-Asphalt Through Utilization of Tar Residues Bio-Oil from Waste Coconut Shell Pyrolysis with Biochar and Steam Pine Tree Sap to Support Sustainable Tourism Sector

Abstract

Tourism is one of the most potential sectors in Indonesia. Minister of Tourism and   Creative Economy, Sandiaga Uno released a total value of tourism sector in September 2023 reached total of USD6 billion, and contributed 3,76% to PDB. Forbes International named Indonesia as the most beautiful country based on the quality and total of natural panoramas per 1000 km². It is also surrounded by beautiful cultures, creatures, and foods that attract local and international tourists to visit. To support this sector, good infrastructure is needed as one of the services given to our tourists. One of the infrastructure issues in Indonesia is the feasibility of roads. In 2021, Land Transportation Statistics recorded that 31.9% of roads were damaged and 15.9% were seriously damaged. This is caused by the high production costs for producing the best quality asphalt followed by the scarce availability of petroleum as the raw material. Therefore, renewable alternative materials and methods are needed which is simple in the production process. On the other hand, coconut shell waste has not been optimally utilized in Indonesia and provides increased waste which is difficult to deal with. There is a pyrolysis method for processing this waste. This research aims to obtain bio-asphalt products which able to compete with oil asphalt, using the main ingredient of tar (bio-oil) as the result of coconut shells pyrolysis as well as additives in the form of biochar and steam pine tree sap. This research was carried out in three stages, namely pyrolysis, distillation and mixing. The pyrolysis stage is carried out at a temperature range of 300-400°C to obtain bio-oil. The distillation stage is carried out at a temperature of 250°C to obtain tar. Furthermore stage of mixing tar with biochar and steam pine tree sap additives. The mixture consists of 30% tar and 70% petroleum asphalt. The variation used is the type of additive and the percentage of additive composition to obtain the most optimal bio-asphalt formulation. Bio-Asphalt’s product almost meets five parameters existing, with a penetration value of 60/70, ductility of 132.33 mm, the softening point of 52.8°C, and the flash point is 254°C, meanwhile specific gravity which does not meet it is 0.965 gr/cc. Therefore, this research is a solution for economical asphalt production so that the tourism sector can be stronger and sustainable.